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N5 Vocabulary For Reading and Grammar

Written by shohal

@Common N5 Kanji and Words @N5 Reading Practice @Basic Japanese Grammar for N5 @JLPT N5 Vocabulary List

浴びる【あびる】 (abiru)

Verb, (to bathe, to shower)

私はこれからシャワーを浴びる。

I am going to take a shower.

·  私 (わたし, watashi) = I

·  は (wa) = (topic marker)

·  これから (korekara) = from now, soon

·  シャワー (shawā) = shower

·  を (wo/o) = (object marker)

·  浴びる (あびる, abiru) = to take (a shower), to bathe

危ない【あぶない】 (abunai)

Adjective, (dangerous)

彼はとても危ない人だ。

He is a very dangerous person.

·  (かれ, kare) = “he”

·  (wa) = (topic marker, indicating the subject)

·  とても (totemo) = “very”

·  危ない (あぶない, abunai) = “dangerous”

·  (ひと, hito) = “person”

·  (da) = (copula, roughly equivalent to “is”)

 

 

 

あっち (acchi)

Pronoun, (over there)

私たちはあっちへ行きましょう。

We, to over there, let’s go.

·  私たち (わたしたち, watashitachi) = “we”

·  (wa) = (topic marker)

·  あっち (acchi) = “over there”

·  (e) = (direction particle, “to”)

·  行きましょう (いきましょう, ikimashou) = “let’s go”

あちら (achira)

Pronoun, (there)

あちらはあなたのお父さんですか。

Is that your father over there?

·  あちら (achira) = “that (over there)”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  あなた (anata) = “you/your”

·  (no) = possessive marker (“‘s”)

·  お父さん (otousan) = “father”

·  ですか (desu ka) = polite question ending (“is it?”)

 

 

 

上げる【あげる】 (ageru)

Verb, (to raise; to elevate; to give)

手を上げてください。

Raise your hands.

·  (, te) = “hand”

·  (wo/o) = object marker

·  上げて (あげて, agete) = “raise” (te-form of 上げる)

·  ください (kudasai) = “please”

赤【あか】 (aka)

Verb, (to raise; to elevate; to give)

私は赤より青の方が好きです。

As for me, blue is the side I like more than red.

·  (わたし, watashi) = “I”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  (あか, aka) = “red”

·  より (yori) = “than” (indicating comparison)

·  (あお, ao) = “blue”

·  (no) = linking particle (turning “blue” into the comparative reference)

·  (ほう, hō) = “side” (used to indicate preference)

·  (ga) = subject marker

·  好き (すき, suki) = “like”

·  です (desu) = polite ending, equivalent to “is”

赤い【あかい】 (akai)

Adjective, (red; crimson; scarlet​)

彼女は、髪を赤く染めました。

She dyed her hair red.

·  彼女 (かのじょ, kanojo) = “she”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  (かみ, kami) = “hair”

·  (wo) = object marker

·  赤く (あかく, akaku) = “red” (adverbial form, meaning “in a red manner”)

·  染めました (そめました, somemashita) = “dyed” (past polite form of “to dye”)

明るい【あかるい】 (akarui)

Adjective, (bright; light)

彼は明るい人です。

He is a cheerful person.

·  (かれ, kare) = “he”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  明るい (あかるい, akarui) = “bright” or “cheerful”

·  (ひと, hito) = “person”

·  です (desu) = (polite ending, “is”)

 

 

 

開ける【あける】 (akeru)

Verb (to open (a door, etc.); to unwrap (e.g. parcel, package); to unlock)

窓を開けてください。

Please open up the window.

·  (まど, mado) = “window”

·  (wo) = object marker

·  開けて (あけて, akete) = “open” (te-form of 開ける)

·  ください (kudasai) = “please”

秋【あき】 (aki)

Noun, (autumn; fall)

秋になりました。

Autumn is here.

·  (あき, aki) = “autumn”

·  (ni) = particle indicating a change of state (“to” or “becoming”)

·  なりました (narimashita) = “became” (polite past form of なる, naru)

開く【あく】 (aku)

Verb (to open (e.g. doors, business, etc))

窓が開いている。

The window is open.

·  (まど, mado) = “window”

·  (ga) = subject marker

·  開いている (あいている, aiteiru) = “is open” (describes a state, using the te-iru form of 開く)

甘い【あまい】 (amai)

Adjective, (sweet)

·  甘い (あまい, amai) = “sweet”

·  食べ物 (たべもの, tabemono) = “food”

·  (ga) = subject marker

·  好き (すき, suki) = “like” or “is liked”

·  です (desu) = polite ending, equivalent to “is”

雨【あめ】 (ame)

Noun, Rain

明日は雨が降る。

It will rain tomorrow.

·  明日 (あした, ashita) = “tomorrow”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  (あめ, ame) = “rain”

·  (ga) = subject marker

·  降る (ふる, furu) = “will fall” (indicating the action of rain falling)

 

 

 

 

飴【あめ】 (ame)

Noun, candy

私もその飴が欲しいです。

I also want that candy.

·  (わたし, watashi) = “I”

·  (mo) = “also”

·  その (sono) = “that”

·  (あめ, ame) = “candy”

·  (ga) = subject marker

·  欲しい (ほしい, hoshii) = “want”

·  です (desu) = polite ending

あなた (anata)

Pronoun, you

あなたはカレンダーに何を書いたの?

What did you write on the calendar?

·  あなた (anata) = “you”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  カレンダー (karendā) = “calendar”

·  (ni) = location/direction particle (“on/in”)

·  (nani) = “what”

·  (wo) = object marker

·  書いた (kaita) = “wrote” (past tense of “write”)

·  (no) = question particle (adds an informal/explanatory tone)

姉【あね】 (ane)

Noun, older sister; elder sister​

私の姉は背が高い。

My older sister is tall.

·  (わたし, watashi) = “I”

·  (no) = possessive marker (“‘s” or “of”) → 私の = “my”

·  (あね, ane) = “older sister” (used when talking about your own sister)

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  (, se) = “height” or “stature”

·  (ga) = subject marker

·  高い (たかい, takai) = “tall” or “high”

兄【あに】 (ani)

Noun, elder brother; older brother

私には兄がいます。

I have an older brother.

·  (わたし, watashi) = “I”

·  (ni) = indirect object marker (indicates possession in this case)

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  (あに, ani) = “older brother” (used when talking about your own brother)

·  (ga) = subject marker

·  います (imasu) = “exists” (used for living things)

あの (ano)

Pre-noun adjectival, that

あの猫は大きいですか。

Is that cat big?

·  あの (ano) = “that” (referring to something specific, usually far from the speaker but known to both)

·  (ねこ, neko) = “cat”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  大きい (おおきい, ookii) = “big”

·  です (desu) = polite sentence-ending particle (“is”)

·  (ka) = question marker

青【あお】 (ao)

Pre-noun adjectival, that

青りんごが大好きです。

I love green apples.

·  青りんご (あおりんご, ao ringo) = “green apple” (literally “blue apple” since Japanese often uses (ao) for green in some contexts)

·  (ga) = subject marker

·  大好き (だいすき, daisuki) = “love” or “really like” (a stronger version of 好き (suki))

·  です (desu) = polite sentence-ending particle (“is”)

アパート (apaato)

Noun, Katakana, apartment

私はそのアパートを見に行きたい。

I want to go see that apartment.

·  (わたし, watashi) = “I”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  その (sono) = “that” (near the listener)

·  アパート (apāto) = “apartment”

·  (wo/o) = object marker

·  見に (みに, mi ni) = “to see” (the に indicates purpose, meaning “in order to see”)

·  行きたい (いきたい, ikitai) = “want to go” (たい-form of 行く, meaning “to go”)

洗う【あらう】 (arau)

Verb, Godan verb, Transitive verb, (to wash)

このシャツは洗うと白くなった。

This shirt was washed white.

·  この (kono) = “this”

·  シャツ (shatsu) = “shirt”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  洗う (あらう, arau) = “to wash”

·  (to) = conditional particle (“when” or “if”)

·  白く (しろく, shiroku) = “white” (adverbial form of 白い, shiroi)

·  なった (natta) = “became” (past tense of なる, naru, meaning “to become”)

 

 

あれ (are)

Pronoun, that

あれは何だ?

What’s that?

·  あれ (are) = “that” (something far from both the speaker and listener)

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  (なに, nani) = “what”

·  (da) = casual form of “is” (copula)

ある (aru)

Verb, Godan verb, Intransitive verb, (to be, to have)

私は今じかんがある。

I have time now.

·  (わたし, watashi) = “I”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  (いま, ima) = “now”

·  じかん (jikan) = “time”

·  (ga) = subject marker

·  ある (aru) = “there is” (used for inanimate objects or concepts like time)

 

 

 

歩く【あるく】 (aruku)

Verb,( to walk)

たいてい歩いて行きます。

I usually go by walking.

·  たいてい (taitei) = “usually”

·  歩いて (あるいて, aruite) = “walking” (te-form of 歩く, aruku, meaning “to walk”)

·  行きます (いきます, ikimasu) = “go” (polite form of 行く, iku, meaning “to go”)

朝【あさ】 (asa)

Noun, morning

毎日、朝6時に起きる。

I wake up at 6AM every morning.

·  (わたし, watashi) = “I”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  毎朝 (まいあさ, mai asa) = “every morning”

·  6 (ろくじ, roku ji) = “6 o’clock”

·  (ni) = time marker (“at”)

·  起きます (おきます, okimasu) = “wake up” (polite form of 起きる, okiru)

 

 

 

朝ご飯【あさごはん】 (asagohan)

Noun, breakfast

私はまだ朝ご飯を食べていません。

I have not eaten breakfast yet.

·  (わたし, watashi) = “I”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  まだ (mada) = “yet” or “still” (used in a negative sentence to mean “not yet”)

·  朝ご飯 (あさごはん, asagohan) = “breakfast”

·  (wo/o) = object marker

·  食べて (たべて, tabete) = “eat” (te-form of 食べる, taberu)

·  いません (imasen) = negative form of いる (iru), used to indicate an incomplete action

明後日【あさって】 (asatte)

Noun, day after tomorrow

明後日は僕の誕生日です

The day after tomorrow is my birthday.

·  明後日 (あさって, asatte) = “the day after tomorrow”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  (ぼく, boku) = “I” (a casual/male pronoun)

·  (no) = possessive marker (“‘s”)

·  誕生日 (たんじょうび, tanjōbi) = “birthday”

·  です (desu) = polite sentence-ending particle (“is”)

足【あし】 (ashi)

Noun, foot; leg; paw; arm

彼女の足はきれいですね。

Her legs/feet are beautiful, aren’t they?

·  彼女 (かのじょ, kanojo) = “she” or “her”

·  (no) = possessive marker (“‘s”) → 彼女の = “her”

·  (あし, ashi) = “legs” or “feet” (Japanese does not differentiate between the two)

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  きれい (kirei) = “beautiful” or “clean”

·  ですね (desu ne) = polite sentence-ending particle expressing agreement or seeking confirmation (“isn’t it?” / “right?”)

明日【あした】 (ashita)

Noun, tomorrow

明日東京へ行きます。

I will go to Tokyo tomorrow.

·  明日 (あした, ashita) = “tomorrow”

·  東京 (とうきょう, Tōkyō) = “Tokyo”

·  (e) = direction particle (“to”)

·  行きます (いきます, ikimasu) = “go” (polite form of 行く, iku)

 

 

 

遊ぶ【あそぶ】 (asobu)

Verb, to play; to enjoy oneself

うちの子は庭で遊んでいる。

My child is playing in the garden.

·  うち (uchi) = “my” or “our” (often used to refer to one’s own family)

·  (no) = possessive marker (“‘s”)

·  (, ko) = “child”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  (にわ, niwa) = “garden” or “yard”

·  (de) = location marker (“in” or “at”)

·  遊んでいる (あそんでいる, asonde iru) = “is playing” (te-form + いる to indicate ongoing action)

あそこ (asoko)

Pronoun, over there

私はあそこへ行きたい。

I want to go over there.

·  (わたし, watashi) = “I”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  あそこ (asoko) = “over there” (a place far from both the speaker and listener)

·  (e) = direction particle (“to”)

·  行きたい (いきたい, ikitai) = “want to go” (たい-form of 行く (iku, “to go”))

 

 

頭【あたま】 (atama)

Noun,    head

昨日から私の頭が痛いです。

My head has been hurting since yesterday.

·  昨日 (きのう, kinō) = “yesterday”

·  から (kara) = “since” or “from”

·  (わたし, watashi) = “I” / “my”

·  (no) = possessive marker (“‘s”)

·  (あたま, atama) = “head”

·  (ga) = subject marker

·  痛い (いたい, itai) = “hurts” / “painful”

·  です (desu) = polite sentence-ending particle (“is”)

新しい【あたらしい】 (atarashii)

Adjective, new; novel; fresh; recent; latest

新しいスマホが欲しい。

I want a new smartphone.

·  新しい (あたらしい, atarashii) = “new”

·  スマホ (sumaho) = “smartphone” (short for スマートフォン, “smartphone”)

·  (ga) = subject marker

·  欲しい (ほしい, hoshii) = “want” (used for expressing desire for a noun)

 

 

 

暖かい【あたたかい】 (atatakai)

Adjective, warm

今日は暖かいですね。

Today is warm, isn’t it?

·  今日 (きょう, kyō) = “today”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  暖かい (あたたかい, atatakai) = “warm” (used for weather and things that feel warm)

·  ですね (desu ne) = sentence-ending particle expressing agreement or seeking confirmation (“isn’t it?” / “right?”)

後【あと】 (ato)

Noun, behind; after; remainder; left; also

この後寝ます。

I will sleep after this.

·  この (kono) = “this”

·  (あと, ato) = “after”

·  寝ます (ねます, nemasu) = “sleep” (polite form of 寝る (neru, “to sleep”))

 

 

 

 

暑い【あつい】 (atsui)

Adjective, hot; sultry

今日は暑いですね。

Today is hot, isn’t it?

·  今日 (きょう, kyō) = “today”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  暑い (あつい, atsui) = “hot” (used for weather)

·  ですね (desu ne) = sentence-ending particle expressing agreement or seeking confirmation (“isn’t it?” / “right?”)

厚い【あつい】 (atsui)

Adjective, thick

私はやさいを厚く切る。

I cut vegetables thickly

·  (わたし, watashi) = “I”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  やさい (yasai) = “vegetables”

·  (wo/o) = object marker

·  厚く (あつく, atsuku) = “thickly” (adverbial form of 厚い (atsui, meaning “thick”))

·  切る (きる, kiru) = “cut” (plain form)

熱い【あつい】 (atsui)

Adjective, hot

このお茶はとてもあついです。

This tea is very hot.

·  この (kono) = “this”

·  お茶 (おちゃ, ocha) = “tea”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  とても (totemo) = “very”

·  あつい (atsui) = “hot” (used for things like food and drinks)

·  です (desu) = polite sentence-ending particle (“is”)

会う【あう】 (au)

Verb, to meet; to encounter; to see

昨日友だちに会いました。

I saw a friend yesterday.

·  昨日 (きのう, kinō) = “yesterday”

·  友だち (ともだち, tomodachi) = “friend”

·  (ni) = indirect object marker (indicating “to” or “with” in this case)

·  会いました (あいました, aimashita) = “met” (past polite form of 会う (au, “to meet”))

晩ご飯【ばんごはん】 (bangohan)

Noun, dinner; evening meal.

私はこれから晩ご飯を食べます。

I am going to eat dinner now

·  (わたし, watashi) = “I”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  これから (korekara) = “from now on” / “soon” / “now”

·  晩ご飯 (ばんごはん, bangohan) = “dinner”

·  (wo/o) = object marker

·  食べます (たべます, tabemasu) = “eat” (polite form of 食べる (taberu, “to eat”))

番号【ばんごう】 (bangou)

Noun, number

私はそのばんごうを間違えました。

I made a mistake with that number.

·  (わたし, watashi) = “I”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  その (sono) = “that” (near the listener)

·  ばんごう (番号, bangō) = “number”

·  (wo/o) = object marker

·  間違えました (まちがえました, machigaemashita) = “made a mistake” (past polite form of 間違える (machigaeru, “to make a mistake”))

バス (basu)

Noun, Katakana, bus

私はバスを降りる。

I get off the bus.

·  (わたし, watashi) = “I”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  バス (basu) = “bus”

·  (wo/o) = object marker

·  降りる (おりる, oriru) = “get off” / “disembark”

バター (bataa)

Noun, Katakana, butter

トーストにはバターをつけますか。

Do you have butter on your toast?

·  トースト (tōsuto) = “toast”

·  には (ni wa) = “on” (combination of the particle に indicating direction/place and は indicating the topic)

·  バター (batā) = “butter”

·  (wo/o) = object marker

·  つけますか (tsukemasu ka) = “do you put?” (polite form of つける (tsukeru, “to put on” or “apply”))

ベッド (beddo)

Noun, Katakana, bed

赤ちゃんはベッドで寝ています。

The baby is sleeping in the bed.

·  赤ちゃん (あかちゃん, akachan) = “baby”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  ベッド (beddo) = “bed”

·  (de) = location marker (“in” or “at”)

·  寝ています (ねています, nete imasu) = “is sleeping” (continuous form of 寝る (neru, “to sleep”))

勉強【べんきょう】 (benkyou)

Noun, Suru verb, to study.

私はべんきょうが嫌いだ。

“I dislike studying.”

·  (わたし, watashi) = “I”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  べんきょう (勉強, benkyō) = “studying”

·  (ga) = subject marker

·  嫌いだ (きらいだ, kirai da) = “dislike” (casual form of 嫌い (kirai, “dislike”))

便利【べんり】 (benri)

な-adjective, convenient; handy; useful.

それはとてもべんりですね。

“That is very convenient, isn’t it?”

·  それ (sore) = “that”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  とても (totemo) = “very”

·  べんり (便利, benri) = “convenient”

·  ですね (desu ne) = sentence-ending particle seeking confirmation (“isn’t it?” / “right?”)

ボールペン (boorupen)

Noun, Katakana, ball-point

ボールペンで書いてください。

Write with a ballpoint pen.

·  ボールペン (bōrupen) = “ballpoint pen”

·  (de) = means or method particle (“with” or “using”)

·  書いて (かいて, kaite) = “write” (te-form of 書く (kaku, “to write”))

·  ください (kudasai) = polite request form (“please”)

ボタン (botan)

 Noun, Katakana

, button

どのボタンを押せばいいですか?

“Which button should I press?”

·  どの (dono) = “which” (used for choosing from a set of things)

·  ボタン (botan) = “button”

·  (wo/o) = object marker

·  押せばいいですか (おせばいいですか, oseba ii desu ka) = “should I press?”

  • 押せば (おせば, oseba) = conditional form of 押す (osu, “to press”)
  • いい (ii) = “good” or “OK”
  • ですか (desu ka) = polite question marker

帽子【ぼうし】 (boushi)

Noun,

hat; cap

帽子をぬぎなさい。

Please take off your hat.

·  帽子 (ぼうし, bōshi) = “hat”

·  (wo/o) = object marker

·  ぬぎなさい (nuginasai) = “take off” (imperative form of ぬぐ (nugu, “to take off” or “remove”))

文章【ぶんしょう】 (bunshou)

Noun, sentence

私は文章が下手です。

“I am bad at writing sentences.”

·  (わたし, watashi) = “I”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  文章 (ぶんしょう, bunshō) = “sentence(s)” / “writing”

·  (ga) = subject marker

·  下手 (へた, heta) = “unskillful” / “bad at”

·  です (desu) = polite sentence-ending particle (“is”)

豚肉 【ぶたにく】 (butaniku)

Noun, pork

あなたはぶたにくを食べられますか。

“Can you eat pork?”

·  あなた (anata) = “you”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  ぶたにく (豚肉, butaniku) = “pork” (literally “pig meat”)

·  (wo/o) = object marker

·  食べられますか (たべられますか, taberaremasu ka) = “can eat?” (polite potential form of 食べる (taberu, “to eat”))

 

 

 

病院【びょういん】 (byouin)

Noun, hospital

病院に行きますか?

Are you going to the hospital?

·  病院 (びょういん, byōin) = “hospital”

·  (ni) = direction marker (“to”)

·  行きます (いきます, ikimasu) = “go” (polite form of 行く (iku, “to go”))

·  か? (ka?) = question marker

病気【びょうき】 (byouki)

Noun, illness

私は先週から病気です。

I have been sick since last week.

·  (わたし, watashi) = “I”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  先週 (せんしゅう, senshū) = “last week”

·  から (kara) = “since” / “from”

·  病気 (びょうき, byōki) = “illness” / “sick”

·  です (desu) = polite sentence-ending particle (“am/is/are”)

 

 

 

 

茶色【ちゃいろ】 (chairo)

Noun, brown

彼の靴はちゃいろだ。

His shoes are brown.

·  (かれ, kare) = “he” / “him”

·  (no) = possessive particle (“his”)

·  (くつ, kutsu) = “shoes”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  ちゃいろ (茶色, chairo) = “brown”

·  (da) = casual form of “is” (です in polite form)

茶碗【ちゃわん】 (chawan)

Noun, rice bowl; tea cup; teacup.

このちゃわんはすてきですね。

This rice bowl is lovely, isn’t it?

·  この (kono) = “this”

·  ちゃわん (茶碗, chawan) = “rice bowl” / “tea bowl”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  すてき (素敵, suteki) = “lovely” / “wonderful” / “nice”

·  ですね (desu ne) = sentence-ending particle seeking confirmation (“isn’t it?” / “right?”)

 

 

 

父【ちち】 (chichi)

Noun, father

My father is well.” / “My father is doing fine.

·  (ちち, chichi) = “father” (referring to one’s own father)

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  元気 (げんき, genki) = “healthy” / “well” / “energetic”

·  です (desu) = polite sentence-ending particle (“is”)

違う【ちがう】 (chigau)

Verb, to differ

なぜこれはちがうのですか?

Why is this different?

  • なぜ (naze) = “why”
  • これ (kore) = “this”
  • (wa) = topic marker
  • ちがう (違う, chigau) = “different” / “wrong”
  • のですか (no desu ka) = explanatory question ending (adds emphasis or seeks clarification)

小さい【ちいさい】 (chiisai)

Adjective, small; little; tiny

それは小さい。

“It is small.”

·  それ (sore) = “it” / “that”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  小さい (ちいさい, chiisai) = “small”

= punctuation mark (period)

小さな【ちいさな】 (chiisana)

Pre-noun adjectival, small; little; tiny

それは小さな山のように見えました。

“It looked like a small mountain.”

·  それ (sore) = “it” / “that”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  小さな (ちいさな, chiisana) = “small” (adjective in its attributive form)

·  (やま, yama) = “mountain”

·  (no) = linking particle (turns the preceding noun into an adjective modifier for the next noun)

·  ように (yō ni) = “like” / “in the way of”

·  見えました (みえました, miemashita) = “looked” (polite past form of 見える (mieru, “to look” or “to appear”))

近い【ちかい】 (chikai)

い-adjective, near; close

僕の家は学校にちかいです。

“My house is close to the school.”

·  (ぼく, boku) = “I” (informal, often used by males)

·  (no) = possessive particle (“my”)

·  (いえ, ie) = “house”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  学校 (がっこう, gakkō) = “school”

·  (ni) = direction marker (“to” or “toward”)

·  ちかい (近い, chikai) = “close” / “near”

·  です (desu) = polite sentence-ending particle (“is”)

 

 

地下鉄【ちかてつ】 (chikatetsu)

Noun, subway; underground train

I go to school by subway.

·  (わたし, watashi) = “I”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  地下鉄 (ちかてつ, chikatetsu) = “subway”

·  (de) = means or method marker (“by” or “with”)

·  学校 (がっこう, gakkō) = “school”

·  (ni) = direction marker (“to”)

·  行く (いく, iku) = “go” (plain form)

地図【ちず】 (chizu)

Noun, map

この通りは地図に載っていません。

This street is not on the map.

·  この (kono) = “this”

·  通り (とおり, tōri) = “street”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  地図 (ちず, chizu) = “map”

·  (ni) = direction marker (indicating location on the map)

·  載っていません (のっていません, notteimasen) = “is not listed” / “is not on” (negative form of 載る (noru, “to be listed” or “to appear on a map”))

 

 

 

ちょっと (chotto)

Adverb, a little

Please wait a moment.

·  ちょっと (chotto) = “a little” / “a moment”

·  待って (まって, matte) = “wait” (te-form of 待つ (matsu, “to wait”))

·  ください (kudasai) = polite request form (“please”)

丁度【ちょうど】 (choudo)

Adverb, exactly

“I was just about to go to sleep.”

·  (わたし, watashi) = “I”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  ちょうど (chōdo) = “just” / “exactly”

·  寝る (ねる, neru) = “to sleep”

·  ところ (tokoro) = “point” or “stage” (used to express an action that was about to happen)

·  だった (datta) = past tense of (da, the copula, equivalent to “was”)

台所【だいどころ】 (daidokoro)

Noun, kitchen

この台所を使ってもいいですか。

“May I use this kitchen?”

·  この (kono) = “this”

·  台所 (だいどころ, daidokoro) = “kitchen”

·  (wo/o) = object marker

·  使ってもいい (つかってもいい, tsukattemo ii) = “Is it okay to use?” (te-form of 使う (tsukau, “to use”) + もいい (mo ii, “is okay to”))

·  ですか (desu ka) = polite question marker

大学【だいがく】 (daigaku)

Noun, university; college

·  どこ (doko) = “where” / “which place”

·  (no) = possessive particle (modifies “university” to mean “which university”)

·  大学 (だいがく, daigaku) = “university”

·  (ni) = direction marker (“to”)

·  行きたい (いきたい, ikitai) = “want to go” (たい-form of 行く (iku, “to go”))

·  ですか (desu ka) = polite question marker

大丈夫【だいじょうぶ】 (daijoubu)

Adjective, OK; okay; alright; problem free

大丈夫ですか?

“Are you okay?” / “Is everything alright?”

·  大丈夫 (だいじょうぶ, daijōbu) = “okay” / “alright” / “safe”

·  です (desu) = polite sentence-ending particle (“is”)

·  (ka) = question marker

大好き【だいすき】 (daisuki)

Adjective, love; like; like very much

大好きだよ!

“I love you!” / “I really love it!”

·  大好き (だいすき, daisuki) = “love” / “really like”

·  (da) = casual form of “is” (used for strong statements)

·  (yo) = sentence-ending particle for emphasis

だんだん (dandan)

Adverb, gradually

私はだんだん眠くなってきた。

I’m gradually getting sleepy.

·  (わたし, watashi) = “I”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  だんだん (dandan) = “gradually” / “little by little”

·  眠く (ねむく, nemuku) = “sleepy” (adjective 眠い (nemui, “sleepy”) in adverbial form)

·  なって (natte) = te-form of なる (naru, “to become”)

·  きた (kita) = past form of くる (kuru, “to come”), often used to indicate a gradual change

誰【だれ】 (dare)

Pronoun, who

好きな歌手は誰ですか?

“Who is your favorite singer?”

·  好きな (すきな, sukina) = “favorite” / “liked” (adjective form of 好き (suki, “like”))

·  歌手 (かしゅ, kashu) = “singer”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  (だれ, dare) = “who”

·  ですか (desu ka) = polite question marker

誰か 【だれか】 (dareka)

Pronoun, someone; somebody

トイレの中に誰かがいます。

Someone is in the toilet.” / “There is someone in the bathroom.

·  トイレ (toire) = “toilet” / “bathroom”

·  (no) = possessive particle (“of” / “in”)

·  (なか, naka) = “inside”

·  (ni) = location marker (“in” / “at”)

·  誰か (だれか, dareka) = “someone”

·  (ga) = subject marker

·  います (imasu) = “is” / “exists” (used for living things)

出す【だす】 (dasu)

Verb, to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal

元気を出して!

Cheer up!” / “Stay strong!

·  元気 (げんき, genki) = “energy” / “spirit” / “health”

·  (wo/o) = object marker

·  出して (だして, dashite) = te-form of 出す (dasu, “to bring out” / “to put forth”)

出口【でぐち】 (deguchi)

Noun, exit; gateway; way out

出口がわからない。

I don’t know the exit.” / “I can’t find the exit.

·  出口 (でぐち, deguchi) = “exit”

·  (ga) = subject marker

·  わからない (wakaranai) = “don’t know” / “don’t understand” (negative form of わかる (wakaru, “to understand” / “to know”))

出かける【でかける】 (dekakeru)

Verb, to go out; to leave; to depart

学校へ出かける。

I’m going out to school.

·  学校 (がっこう, gakkō) = “school”

·  (e) = direction marker (“to” / “toward”)

·  出かける (でかける, dekakeru) = “to go out” / “to leave for somewhere”

電気【でんき】 (denki)

Noun, electricity

その電気を消してもいいですか?

“May I turn off that light?”

·  その (sono) = “that” (near the listener)

·  電気 (でんき, denki) = “electricity” / “light”

·  (wo/o) = object marker

·  消して (けして, keshite) = te-form of 消す (kesu, “to turn off”)

·  (mo) = “even” / “also” (used here to indicate permission)

·  いい (ii) = “good” / “okay”

·  ですか (desu ka) = polite question marker

 

 

電車【でんしゃ】 (densha)

Noun, train; electric train

電車で行きましょう。

“Let’s go by train.”

·  電車 (でんしゃ, densha) = “train”

·  (de) = means/method marker (“by” in this case)

·  行きましょう (いきましょう, ikimashou) = “let’s go” (polite volitional form of 行く (iku, “to go”))

電話【でんわ】 (denwa)

Noun, telephone (call / device)l; phone call

電話ですよ。

“It’s the phone.” / “You have a call.”

·  電話 (でんわ, denwa) = “telephone” / “phone call”

·  です (desu) = polite copula (“is”)

·  (yo) = sentence-ending particle for emphasis or informing someone

デパート (depaato)

Noun, department store

私は彼にデパートで会いました。

“I met him at the department store.”

·  (わたし, watashi) = “I”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  (かれ, kare) = “him” / “he”

·  (ni) = indirect object marker (indicating the person one meets)

·  デパート (depāto) = “department store”

·  (de) = location marker (“at”)

·  会いました (あいました, aimashita) = “met” (past tense of 会う (au, “to meet”))

出る【でる】 (deru)

Verb, to leave; to exit; to appear; to go out

電話に出る。

Answer the phone.” / “Pick up the phone.

·  電話 (でんわ, denwa) = “telephone” / “phone call”

·  (ni) = direction marker (“to” / “on”)

·  出る (でる, deru) = “to answer” / “to go out” / “to appear” (in this case, “to answer the phone”)

ドア (doa)

Noun, door

ドアを閉めてください。

Please close the door.

·  ドア (doa) = “door”

·  (wo/o) = object marker

·  閉めて (しめて, shimete) = te-form of 閉める (shimeru, “to close”)

·  ください (kudasai) = polite request form (“please”)

どっち (docchi)

Pronoun, which; which one

どっちのチームが勝っている?

Which team is winning?

·  どっち (docchi) = “which” (informal, used when choosing between two options)

·  (no) = possessive particle, used here to modify “team”

·  チーム (chīmu) = “team”

·  (ga) = subject marker

·  勝っている (かっている, katte iru) = “is winning” (te-form of 勝つ (katsu, “to win”) + いる (iru, indicating ongoing action)

どちら (dochira)

Pronoun, which of two

どちらが好きですか。

“Which one do you like?”

·  どちら (dochira) = “which one” (polite form of どっち (docchi), used for two options)

·  (ga) = subject marker

·  好き (すき, suki) = “like” / “favorite”

·  ですか (desu ka) = polite question marker

どこ (doko)

Pronoun, where; what place​

あなたはどこから来たの?

“Where are you from?”

·  あなた (anata) = “you”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  どこ (doko) = “where”

·  から (kara) = “from” (indicating origin or starting point)

·  来た (きた, kita) = past tense of 来る (kuru, “to come”)

·  (no) = casual question marker (used to seek an explanation or reason)

どなた (donata)

Noun, who

あなたはどなたですか

“Who are you?” (polite)

·  あなた (anata) = “you”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  どなた (donata) = “who” (polite form of だれ (dare), used in formal contexts)

·  ですか (desu ka) = polite question marker

どの (dono)

Pre-noun adjectival,

which

どの車にお乗りですか。

“Which car are you in?” (polite)

·  どの (dono) = “which” (used for selecting one item from a known set)

·  (くるま, kuruma) = “car”

·  (ni) = direction/location marker (“in” or “on”)

·  (o) = honorific prefix, used to show respect

·  乗り (のり, nori) = stem of 乗る (noru, “to ride” or “to get on”)

·  ですか (desu ka) = polite question marker

どれ (dore)

Pronoun,

which (of three or more)​

あなたの本はどれですか?

“Which one is your book?”

·  あなた (anata) = “you”

·  (no) = possessive particle (“your”)

·  (ほん, hon) = “book”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  どれ (dore) = “which one” (referring to a selection of items)

·  ですか (desu ka) = polite question marker

どう (dou)

Adverb, how; in what way; how about​

これはどうですか?

“How about this?” / “What about this?”

·  これ (kore) = “this”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  どう (dou) = “how” / “what” (used to ask about something)

·  ですか (desu ka) = polite question marker

動物【どうぶつ】 (doubutsu)

Noun, animal

好きな動物は何ですか。

“What is your favorite animal?”

·  好きな (すきな, sukina) = “favorite” / “liked”

·  動物 (どうぶつ, doubutsu) = “animal”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  (なに, nani) = “what”

·  ですか (desu ka) = polite question marker

どうも (doumo)

Adverb, thank you; thanks

カードをどうもありがとう。

“Thank you for the card.”

·  カード (kaado) = “card”

·  (wo/o) = object marker

·  どうも (doumo) = “thank you” / “thanks” (informal, but polite)

·  ありがとう (arigatou) = “thank you”

どうぞ (douzo)

Adverb, please

どうぞこちらへ。

“Please come this way.” / “This way, please.”

·  どうぞ (douzo) = “please” / “go ahead” (polite invitation)

·  こちら (kochira) = “this way” / “here” (polite form)

·  (e) = direction marker (“to” / “toward”)

土曜日【どようび】 (doyoubi)

Noun, Saturday

土曜日にサッカーの試合がある。

“There is a soccer match on Saturday.”

·  土曜日 (どようび, doyōbi) = “Saturday”

·  (ni) = time marker (“on” or “at” for specific time)

·  サッカー (sakkā) = “soccer”

·  (no) = possessive particle (“of”)

·  試合 (しあい, shiai) = “match” / “game”

·  (ga) = subject marker

·  ある (aru) = “there is” (used for inanimate objects or events)

絵【え】 (e)

Noun, picture

この絵は誰が描いたのですか?

“Who drew this picture?”

·  この (kono) = “this”

·  (, e) = “picture” / “painting”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  (だれ, dare) = “who”

·  (ga) = subject marker

·  描いた (かいた, kaita) = past tense of 描く (kaku, “to draw”)

·  (no) = question marker (seeking explanation or identification)

·  ですか (desu ka) = polite question marker

ええ (ee)

Noun, yes; that is correct; right

ええ、そうです。

“Yes, that’s right.”

·  ええ (ee) = “yes” (polite or casual)

·  そうです (sou desu) = “that’s right” / “that’s so”

映画【えいが】 (eiga)

Noun, movie; film

その映画は面白かった。

“The movie was interesting.”

·  その (sono) = “that” (referring to something near the listener)

·  映画 (えいが, eiga) = “movie”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  面白かった (おもしろかった, omoshirokatta) = past tense of 面白い (omoshiroi, “interesting” / “fun”)

映画館【えいがかん】 (eigakan)

Noun, movie theater; cinema

私はしばしば映画館に行きます。

“I often go to the cinema.”

·  (わたし, watashi) = “I”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  しばしば (shibashiba) = “often”

·  映画館 (えいがかん, eigakan) = “cinema” / “movie theater”

·  (ni) = location marker (indicating direction)

·  行きます (いきます, ikimasu) = polite present/future tense of 行く (iku, “to go”)

英語【えいご】 (eigo)

Noun, English language

私は英語が苦手だ。

“I’m not good at English.”

·  (わたし, watashi) = “I”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  英語 (えいご, eigo) = “English”

·  (ga) = subject marker

·  苦手 (にがて, nigate) = “not good at” / “weak at”

·  (da) = casual copula (informal “is”)

駅【えき】 (eki)

Noun, English language

私は次のえきで降りるつもりです。

“I plan to get off at the next station.”

·  (わたし, watashi) = “I”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  次の (つぎの, tsugi no) = “next”

·  (えき, eki) = “station”

·  (de) = location marker (indicating where the action happens)

·  降りる (おりる, oriru) = “to get off” / “to descend”

·  つもり (tsumori) = “plan” / “intention”

·  です (desu) = polite ending

鉛筆【えんぴつ】 (enpitsu)

Noun, pencil

これは君のえんぴつですか?

Is this your pencil?

·  これ (kore) = “this”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  (きみ, kimi) = “your” (informal, used for people close to you or those of lower status)

·  (no) = possessive particle (“of” / “your”)

·  えんぴつ (enpitsu) = “pencil”

·  ですか (desu ka) = polite question marker

エレベーター (erebeetaa)

Noun, elevator

エレベーターはどこですか。

“Where is the elevator?”

·  エレベーター (erebētā) = “elevator”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  どこ (doko) = “where”

·  ですか (desu ka) = polite question marker

フィルム (firumu)

Noun, film

このカメラにはフィルムが入っていない。

This camera is not loaded with film.

·  この (kono) = “this”

·  カメラ (kamera) = “camera”

·  (ni) = location marker (“in”)

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  フィルム (firumu) = “film”

·  (ga) = subject marker

·  入っていない (はいっていない, haitte inai) = negative form of 入っている (haitte iru, “to be inside”) → “is not inside”

フォーク (fooku)

Noun, fork

フォークはテーブルから落ちた。

A fork fell off the table.

·  フォーク (fōku) = “fork”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  テーブル (tēburu) = “table”

·  から (kara) = “from”

·  落ちた (おちた, ochita) = past tense of 落ちる (ochiru, “to fall”)

服【ふく】 (fuku)

Noun,

clothes

その服は可愛いですね。

Those clothes are cute.

·  その (sono) = “that” (near the listener)

·  (ふく, fuku) = “clothing” / “outfit”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  可愛い (かわいい, kawaii) = “cute”

·  ですね (desu ne) = polite ending + confirmation (“isn’t it?” / “right?”)

吹く【ふく】 (fuku)

Verb, to blow (of the wind)

風は西からふいた。

The wind blew westerly.

·  (かぜ, kaze) = “wind”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  西 (にし, nishi) = “west”

·  から (kara) = “from”

·  ふいた (吹いた, fuita) = past tense of 吹く (fuku, “to blow”)

降る【ふる】 (furu)

Verb, to fall

去年の冬は、雪がまったく降らなかった。

“Last winter, it didn’t snow at all.”

·  去年 (きょねん, kyonen) = “last year”

·  (no) = possessive particle (connecting “last year” to “winter”)

·  (ふゆ, fuyu) = “winter”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  (ゆき, yuki) = “snow”

·  (ga) = subject marker

·  まったく (mattaku) = “not at all” (used with negatives)

·  降らなかった (ふらなかった, furanakatta) = past negative form of 降る (furu, “to fall” – used for rain or snow)

古い【ふるい】 (furui)

い-adjective, old (not used for people)

この車は古いです。

This car is old.

·  この (kono) = “this”

·  (くるま, kuruma) = “car”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  古い (ふるい, furui) = “old” (for objects, not people)

·  です (desu) = polite ending

二人【ふたり】 (futari)

 Noun

, two people; pair; couple

二人で行こう。

“Let’s go together (just the two of us).”

·  二人 (ふたり, futari) = “two people” / “the two of us”

·  (de) = indicates a group or means of action (“together as two people”)

·  行こう (いこう, ikou) = volitional form of 行く (iku, “to go”), meaning “let’s go”

 

二つ【ふたつ】 (futatsu)

Noun,

two; 2

二つをください。

“Please give me two.”

·  二つ (ふたつ, futatsu) = “two” (general counter for objects)

·  (wo/o) = object marker

·  ください (kudasai) = “please give me” / “please” (polite request)

太い【ふとい】 (futoi)

Adjective, fat; thick

あなたのうでは太いですね。

“Your arms are thick.”

·  あなた (anata) = “you”

·  (no) = possessive particle (“your”)

·  うで (, ude) = “arm”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  太い (ふとい, futoi) = “thick” / “big” (used for body parts, pens, trees, etc.)

·  ですね (desu ne) = polite ending + confirmation (“isn’t it?” / “right?”)

二日【ふつか】 (futsuka)

Noun, the second day of the month / 2 days

私の誕生日は二月二日です。

“My birthday is on February 2nd.”

·  私の (わたしの, watashi no) = “my”

·  誕生日 (たんじょうび, tanjōbi) = “birthday”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  二月 (にがつ, nigatsu) = “February”

·  二日 (ふつか, futsuka) = “2nd” (of the month)

·  です (desu) = polite ending

封筒【ふうとう】 (fuutou)

Noun, envelope

すみません、ふうとうがありますか?

“Excuse me, do you have an envelope?”

·  すみません (sumimasen) = “Excuse me” / “I’m sorry”

·  ふうとう (封筒, fūtō) = “envelope”

·  (ga) = subject marker

·  ありますか (arimasu ka) = polite question form of ある (aru, “to exist” for inanimate objects), meaning “do you have?”

冬【ふゆ】 (fuyu)

Noun, winter

去年の冬は、雪がまったく降らなかった。

“Last winter, it didn’t snow at all.”

·  去年 (きょねん, kyonen) = “last year”

·  (no) = possessive particle (connecting “last year” to “winter”)

·  (ふゆ, fuyu) = “winter”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  (ゆき, yuki) = “snow”

·  (ga) = subject marker

·  まったく (mattaku) = “not at all” (used with negatives)

·  降らなかった (ふらなかった, furanakatta) = past negative form of 降る (furu, “to fall” – used for rain or snow)

外国【がいこく】 (gaikoku)

Noun,

foreign country

外国に行く。

“I will go abroad.”

·  外国 (がいこく, gaikoku) = “foreign country” / “abroad”

·  (ni) = location marker (indicating direction or goal of the action)

·  行く (いく, iku) = “to go”

外国人【がいこくじん】 (gaikokujin)

Noun, foreigner; foreign citizen; foreign national; alien; non-Japanese

·  わたし (, watashi) = “I”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  がいこくじん (外国人, gaikokujin) = “foreigner”

·  (to) = “with” (indicating the person being spoken to)

·  はなした (話した, hanashita) = past tense of 話す (hanasu, “to speak”)

·  こと (koto) = “thing” / “experience” (used to express having done something before)

·  (ga) = subject marker

·  ない (nai) = “not” (negative form)

 

学校【がっこう】 (gakkou)

Noun, school

今日は学校どうだった?

“How was school today?”

·  今日 (きょう, kyō) = “today”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  学校 (がっこう, gakkō) = “school”

·  どう (dō) = “how”

·  だった (datta) = past tense of です (desu, “was”)

学生【がくせい】 (gakusei)

Noun, school

私は学生です。

“I am a student.”

·  (わたし, watashi) = “I”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  学生 (がくせい, gakusei) = “student”

·  です (desu) = polite ending (equivalent to “am” in this context)

 

 

 

玄関【げんかん】 (genkan)

Noun, entrance

彼はげんかんに立っています。

“He is standing in the entrance.”

·  (かれ, kare) = “he”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  げんかん (玄関, genkan) = “entrance” (the entryway of a house or building)

·  (ni) = location marker (“in” or “at”)

·  立っています (たっています, tatte imasu) = present continuous form of 立つ (tatsu, “to stand”), meaning “is standing”

元気【げんき】 (genki)

Noun, lively; full of spirit; energetic; healthy

お元気ですか?

“How are you?”

·  (o) = honorific prefix (adds politeness)

·  元気 (げんき, genki) = “health” / “vitality” / “well-being”

·  です (desu) = polite ending

·  (ka) = question particle

 

 

 

月曜日【げつようび】 (getsuyoubi)

Noun, Monday

月曜日に東京に行きます。

“I will go to Tokyo on Monday.”

·  月曜日 (げつようび, getsuyōbi) = “Monday”

·  (ni) = time marker (“on”)

·  東京 (とうきょう, Tōkyō) = “Tokyo”

·  (ni) = direction marker (“to”)

·  行きます (いきます, ikimasu) = polite form of 行く (iku, “to go”)

銀行【ぎんこう】 (ginkou)

Noun, bank

私は銀行に行きます。

“I will go to the bank.”

·  (わたし, watashi) = “I”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  銀行 (ぎんこう, ginkō) = “bank”

·  (ni) = direction marker (“to”)

·  行きます (いきます, ikimasu) = polite form of 行く (iku, “to go”)

 

 

 

ギター (gitaa)

Noun, guitar

これは誰のギターですか。

“Whose guitar is this?”

·  これ (kore) = “this”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  (だれ, dare) = “who”

·  (no) = possessive particle (“whose”)

·  ギター (gitā) = “guitar”

·  ですか (desu ka) = polite question ending

五【ご】 (go)

Noun, five; 5

いつも七時四十五分に学校へ行きます。

“I always go to school at 7:45.”

·  いつも (itsumo) = “always”

·  七時四十五分 (しちじよんじゅうごふん, shichi-ji yonjūgo-fun) = “7:45”

·  (ni) = time marker (“at”)

·  学校 (がっこう, gakkō) = “school”

·  (e) = direction marker (“to”)

·  行きます (いきます, ikimasu) = polite form of 行く (iku, “to go”)

 

 

午後【ごご】 (gogo)

Noun, afternoon; p.m.

午後3時にスーパーに行きます。

“I will go to the supermarket at 3 PM.”

·  午後 (ごご, gogo) = “PM” / “afternoon”

·  3 (さんじ, san-ji) = “3 o’clock”

·  (ni) = time marker (“at”)

·  スーパー (sūpā) = “supermarket”

·  (ni) = direction marker (“to”)

·  行きます (いきます, ikimasu) = polite form of 行く (iku, “to go”)

ご飯【ごはん】 (gohan)

Noun, cooked rice, meal

ご飯とパンどちらがいいですか。

“Which do you prefer, rice or bread?”

·  ご飯 (ごはん, gohan) = “rice” (or sometimes refers to a meal)

·  (to) = “and”

·  パン (pan) = “bread”

·  どちら (dochira) = “which” (more polite than どれ)

·  (ga) = subject marker

·  いい (ii) = “good” / “better” (in this context, meaning “prefer”)

·  ですか (desu ka) = polite question ending

 

 

午前【ごぜん】 (gozen)

Noun, morning; a.m.

私は午前10時に会社に行きました。

“I went to the office at 10 AM.”

·  (わたし, watashi) = “I”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  午前 (ごぜん, gozen) = “AM” / “morning”

·  10 (じゅうじ, jū-ji) = “10 o’clock”

·  (ni) = time marker (“at”)

·  会社 (かいしゃ, kaisha) = “office” / “company”

·  (ni) = direction marker (“to”)

·  行きました (いきました, ikimashita) = past tense of 行く (iku, “to go”)

グラム (guramu)

Noun, gram

これは100グラムがいくらですか。

“How much is this per 100 grams?”

·  これ (kore) = “this”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  100グラム (ひゃくぐらむ, hyaku guramu) = “100 grams”

·  (ga) = subject marker

·  いくら (ikura) = “how much” (price)

·  ですか (desu ka) = polite question ending

 

牛肉【ぎゅうにく】 (gyuuniku)

Noun, beef

この牛肉はとても美味しいです。

“This beef is very delicious.”

·  この (kono) = “this”

·  牛肉 (ぎゅうにく, gyūniku) = “beef”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  とても (totemo) = “very”

·  美味しい (おいしい, oishii) = “delicious”

·  です (desu) = polite ending

牛乳【ぎゅうにゅう】 (gyuunyuu)

Noun, (cow’s) milk

私はぎゅうにゅうが嫌いです。

“I dislike milk.”

·  (わたし, watashi) = “I”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  ぎゅうにゅう (牛乳, gyūnyū) = “milk”

·  (ga) = subject marker

·  嫌い (きらい, kirai) = “dislike”

·  です (desu) = polite ending

歯【は】 (ha)

Noun, tooth

私のはが痛いです。

“My tooth hurts.”

·  私の (わたしの, watashi no) = “my”

·  (ha) = topic marker (in this case, it refers to “tooth”)

·  (ga) = subject marker

·  痛い (いたい, itai) = “hurts” / “painful”

·  です (desu) = polite ending

八【はち】 (hachi)

Noun, eight: 8

私は八月に生まれた。

“I was born in August.”

·  (わたし, watashi) = “I”

·  (wa) = topic marker

·  八月 (はちがつ, hachigatsu) = “August”

·  (ni) = time marker (“in”)

·  生まれた (うまれた, umareta) = past tense of 生まれる (umareru, “to be born”)

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