Basic Sentence Structure
- AใฏBใงใ โ “A is B”
- ็งใฏๅญฆ็ใงใใ(Watashi wa gakusei desu.) โ I am a student.
- AใฏBใใใใใพใใ (ใงใฏใใใพใใ) โ Negative form
- ใใใฏๆฌใใใใใพใใใ(Kore wa hon ja arimasen.) โ This is not a book.
- AใฏBใงใใ๏ผ โ Question form
- ใใชใใฏๅ ็ใงใใ๏ผ(Anata wa sensei desu ka?) โ Are you a teacher?
Particles
- ใฏ (wa) โ Topic marker
- ใใใฏใใณใงใใ(Kore wa pen desu.) โ This is a pen.
- ใ (ga) โ Subject marker
- ็ซใๅฅฝใใงใใ(Neko ga suki desu.) โ I like cats.
- ใ (wo/o) โ Object marker
- ใใใใ้ฃในใพใใ(Ringo o tabemasu.) โ I eat an apple.
- ใซ (ni) โ Time/direction marker
- ๏ผๆใซ่ตทใใพใใ(Hachi-ji ni okimasu.) โ I wake up at 8 oโclock.
- ๅญฆๆ กใซ่กใใพใใ(Gakkou ni ikimasu.) โ I go to school.
- ใง (de) โ Place of action marker
- ๅณๆธ้คจใงๅๅผทใใพใใ(Toshokan de benkyou shimasu.) โ I study at the library.
Verb Forms
- ๏ฝใพใ (Polite form)
- ้ฃฒใฟใพใ (Nomimasu) โ Drink
- ้ฃในใพใ (Tabemasu) โ Eat
- ๏ฝใพใใ (Negative polite form)
- ่กใใพใใ (Ikimasen) โ I wonโt go.
- ๏ฝใพใใ (Past polite form)
- ่ฒทใใพใใ (Kaimashita) โ I bought it.
- ๏ฝใพใใใงใใ (Negative past polite form)
- ๅๅผทใใพใใใงใใ (Benkyou shimasen deshita) โ I didnโt study.
Basic Expressions
- ๏ฝใๅฅฝใใงใ โ “I like ~”
- ๆฅๆฌ่ชใๅฅฝใใงใใ(Nihongo ga suki desu.) โ I like Japanese.
- ๏ฝใใใงใ โ “I want to ~”
- ๅฏฟๅธใ้ฃในใใใงใใ(Sushi o tabetai desu.) โ I want to eat sushi.
- ๏ฝใพใใใ โ “Let’s ~”
- ๆ ็ปใ่ฆใพใใใใ(Eiga o mimashou.) โ Letโs watch a movie.
- ๏ฝใฆใใใใงใใ๏ผ โ “Is it okay if I ~?”
- ใใใซๅบงใฃใฆใใใใงใใ๏ผ(Koko ni suwatte mo ii desu ka?) โ Is it okay if I sit here?
๐ JLPT N5 Grammar Guide
1๏ธโฃ Sentence Structure (Basic)
AใฏBใงใใ (A wa B desu.) โ “A is B.”
- Example: ็งใฏๅญฆ็ใงใใ(Watashi wa gakusei desu.) โ I am a student.
- Example: ใใใฏๆฌใงใใ(Kore wa hon desu.) โ This is a book.
AใฏBใใใใใพใใ / ใงใฏใใใพใใใ (Negative form)
- Example: ๅฝผใฏๅ ็ใใใใใพใใใ(Kare wa sensei ja arimasen.) โ He is not a teacher.
- Example: ใใใฏ็งใฎใใฐใใงใฏใใใพใใใ(Kore wa watashi no kaban dewa arimasen.) โ This is not my bag.
AใฏBใงใใ๏ผ (A wa B desu ka?) โ “Is A B?” (Question form)
- Example: ใใชใใฏๆฅๆฌไบบใงใใ๏ผ(Anata wa Nihonjin desu ka?) โ Are you Japanese?
- Example: ใใใฏใใชใใฎใใณใงใใ๏ผ(Kore wa anata no pen desu ka?) โ Is this your pen?
2๏ธโฃ Particles (ๅฉ่ฉ – Joshi)
๐น ใฏ (wa) – Topic Marker
Marks the topic of the sentence.
- Example: ็งใฏๅญฆ็ใงใใ(Watashi wa gakusei desu.) โ I am a student.
๐น ใ (ga) – Subject Marker
Used to highlight the subject, often with emotions, abilities, and existence.
- Example: ็ซใๅฅฝใใงใใ(Neko ga suki desu.) โ I like cats.
- Example: ใใใซๆฌใใใใพใใ(Koko ni hon ga arimasu.) โ There is a book here.
๐น ใ (o/wo) – Object Marker
Marks the direct object of a verb.
- Example: ใใใใ้ฃในใพใใ(Ringo o tabemasu.) โ I eat an apple.
๐น ใซ (ni) – Time & Direction Marker
Used for specific times, destinations, and indirect objects.
- Example: ๏ผๆใซ่ตทใใพใใ(Hachi-ji ni okimasu.) โ I wake up at 8 o’clock.
- Example: ๅญฆๆ กใซ่กใใพใใ(Gakkou ni ikimasu.) โ I go to school.
๐น ใง (de) – Place of Action Marker
Indicates where an action takes place.
- Example: ๅณๆธ้คจใงๅๅผทใใพใใ(Toshokan de benkyou shimasu.) โ I study at the library.
๐น ใจ (to) – “With” or “And”
- Example: ๅ้ใจๆ ็ปใ่ฆใพใใ(Tomodachi to eiga o mimasu.) โ I watch a movie with my friend.
๐น ใ (mo) – “Also”
- Example: ็งใๅญฆ็ใงใใ(Watashi mo gakusei desu.) โ I am also a student.
3๏ธโฃ Verb Conjugations
๐น Present/Future (๏ฝใพใ / ๏ฝใพใใ)
Verb Type | Affirmative | Negative |
Group 1 (u-verbs) | ้ฃฒใฟใพใ (Nomimasu) โ Drink | ้ฃฒใฟใพใใ (Nomimasen) โ Don’t drink |
Group 2 (ru-verbs) | ้ฃในใพใ (Tabemasu) โ Eat | ้ฃในใพใใ (Tabemasen) โ Don’t eat |
Irregular | ใใพใ (Shimasu) โ Do | ใใพใใ (Shimasen) โ Don’t do |
๐น Past Tense (๏ฝใพใใ / ๏ฝใพใใใงใใ)
Verb Type | Affirmative | Negative |
Group 1 (u-verbs) | ้ฃฒใฟใพใใ (Nomimashita) โ Drank | ้ฃฒใฟใพใใใงใใ (Nomimasen deshita) โ Didn’t drink |
Group 2 (ru-verbs) | ้ฃในใพใใ (Tabemashita) โ Ate | ้ฃในใพใใใงใใ (Tabemasen deshita) โ Didn’t eat |
Irregular | ใใพใใ (Shimashita) โ Did | ใใพใใใงใใ (Shimasen deshita) โ Didn’t do |
4๏ธโฃ Common Grammar Patterns
๐น ๏ฝใๅฅฝใใงใ (ga suki desu) โ “I like ~”
- Example: ๆฅๆฌ่ชใๅฅฝใใงใใ(Nihongo ga suki desu.) โ I like Japanese.
๐น ๏ฝใๆฌฒใใใงใ (ga hoshii desu) โ “I want (a thing)”
- Example: ๆฐใใ่ปใๆฌฒใใใงใใ(Atarashii kuruma ga hoshii desu.) โ I want a new car.
๐น ๏ฝใใใงใ (tai desu) โ “I want to (do something)”
- Example: ๆฅๆฌใซ่กใใใใงใใ(Nihon ni ikitai desu.) โ I want to go to Japan.
๐น ๏ฝใฆใใใใงใใ๏ผ (temo ii desu ka?) โ “Is it okay if I ~?”
- Example: ใใใงๅ็ใๆฎใฃใฆใใใใงใใ๏ผ(Koko de shashin o totte mo ii desu ka?) โ Is it okay if I take a photo here?
๐น ๏ฝใพใใใ / ๏ฝใพใใใใ (mashou / mashou ka) โ “Let’s ~ / Shall we ~?”
- Example: ๆ ็ปใ่ฆใพใใใใ(Eiga o mimashou.) โ Let’s watch a movie.
- Example: ๆผใใฏใใ้ฃในใพใใใใ๏ผ(Hirugohan o tabemashou ka?) โ Shall we eat lunch?
๐น ๏ฝใฆใใ ใใ (te kudasai) โ “Please do ~”
- Example: ใกใใฃใจๅพ ใฃใฆใใ ใใใ(Chotto matte kudasai.) โ Please wait a moment.
๐น ๏ฝใฆใใใใงใ (temo ii desu) โ “You may ~”
- Example: ใใใซๅบงใฃใฆใใใใงใใ(Koko ni suwatte mo ii desu.) โ You may sit here.
๐น ๏ฝใฆใฏใใใพใใ (te wa ikemasen) โ “You must not ~”
- Example: ใใใงใฟใใณใๅธใฃใฆใฏใใใพใใใ(Koko de tabako o sutte wa ikemasen.) โ You must not smoke here.
5๏ธโฃ Giving and Receiving
๐น ๏ฝใใใใพใ (wo agemasu) โ “I give”
- Example: ็งใฏๅ้ใซใใฌใผใณใใใใใพใใใ(Watashi wa tomodachi ni purezento o agemashita.) โ I gave my friend a present.
๐น ๏ฝใใใใใพใ (wo moraimasu) โ “I receive”
- Example: ๅ ็ใใๆฌใใใใใพใใใ(Sensei kara hon o moraimashita.) โ I received a book from my teacher.
6๏ธโฃ Location & Existence
๐น ๏ฝใใใใพใ (ga arimasu) โ “There is (non-living things)”
- Example: ๆบใฎไธใซๆฌใใใใพใใ(Tsukue no ue ni hon ga arimasu.) โ There is a book on the desk.
๐น ๏ฝใใใพใ (ga imasu) โ “There is (living things)”
- Example: ๅ ฌๅใซ็ฌใใใพใใ(Kouen ni inu ga imasu.) โ There is a dog in the park.
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