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N5 Grammar

Basic Sentence Structure

  1. AใฏBใงใ™ โ€“ “A is B”
    • ็งใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ€‚(Watashi wa gakusei desu.) โ†’ I am a student.
  2. AใฏBใ˜ใ‚ƒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ (ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“) โ€“ Negative form
    • ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆœฌใ˜ใ‚ƒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚(Kore wa hon ja arimasen.) โ†’ This is not a book.
  3. AใฏBใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ โ€“ Question form
    • ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ(Anata wa sensei desu ka?) โ†’ Are you a teacher?

Particles

  1. ใฏ (wa) โ€“ Topic marker
    • ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใƒšใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚(Kore wa pen desu.) โ†’ This is a pen.
  2. ใŒ (ga) โ€“ Subject marker
    • ็ŒซใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚(Neko ga suki desu.) โ†’ I like cats.
  3. ใ‚’ (wo/o) โ€“ Object marker
    • ใ‚Šใ‚“ใ”ใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ™ใ€‚(Ringo o tabemasu.) โ†’ I eat an apple.
  4. ใซ (ni) โ€“ Time/direction marker
    • ๏ผ˜ๆ™‚ใซ่ตทใใพใ™ใ€‚(Hachi-ji ni okimasu.) โ†’ I wake up at 8 oโ€™clock.
    • ๅญฆๆ กใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ€‚(Gakkou ni ikimasu.) โ†’ I go to school.
  5. ใง (de) โ€“ Place of action marker
    • ๅ›ณๆ›ธ้คจใงๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚(Toshokan de benkyou shimasu.) โ†’ I study at the library.

Verb Forms

  1. ๏ฝžใพใ™ (Polite form)
    • ้ฃฒใฟใพใ™ (Nomimasu) โ†’ Drink
    • ้ฃŸในใพใ™ (Tabemasu) โ†’ Eat
  2. ๏ฝžใพใ›ใ‚“ (Negative polite form)
  • ่กŒใใพใ›ใ‚“ (Ikimasen) โ†’ I wonโ€™t go.
  1. ๏ฝžใพใ—ใŸ (Past polite form)
  • ่ฒทใ„ใพใ—ใŸ (Kaimashita) โ†’ I bought it.
  1. ๏ฝžใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ (Negative past polite form)
  • ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ (Benkyou shimasen deshita) โ†’ I didnโ€™t study.

Basic Expressions

  1. ๏ฝžใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ โ€“ “I like ~”
  • ๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚(Nihongo ga suki desu.) โ†’ I like Japanese.
  1. ๏ฝžใŸใ„ใงใ™ โ€“ “I want to ~”
  • ๅฏฟๅธใ‚’้ฃŸในใŸใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚(Sushi o tabetai desu.) โ†’ I want to eat sushi.
  1. ๏ฝžใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† โ€“ “Let’s ~”
  • ๆ˜ ็”ปใ‚’่ฆ‹ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚(Eiga o mimashou.) โ†’ Letโ€™s watch a movie.
  1. ๏ฝžใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ โ€“ “Is it okay if I ~?”
  • ใ“ใ“ใซๅบงใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ(Koko ni suwatte mo ii desu ka?) โ†’ Is it okay if I sit here?

๐Ÿ“Œ JLPT N5 Grammar Guide

1๏ธโƒฃ Sentence Structure (Basic)

AใฏBใงใ™ใ€‚ (A wa B desu.) โ†’ “A is B.”

  • Example: ็งใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ€‚(Watashi wa gakusei desu.) โ†’ I am a student.
  • Example: ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆœฌใงใ™ใ€‚(Kore wa hon desu.) โ†’ This is a book.

AใฏBใ˜ใ‚ƒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ / ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ (Negative form)

  • Example: ๅฝผใฏๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใ˜ใ‚ƒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚(Kare wa sensei ja arimasen.) โ†’ He is not a teacher.
  • Example: ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็งใฎใ‹ใฐใ‚“ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚(Kore wa watashi no kaban dewa arimasen.) โ†’ This is not my bag.

AใฏBใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ (A wa B desu ka?) โ†’ “Is A B?” (Question form)

  • Example: ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆ—ฅๆœฌไบบใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ(Anata wa Nihonjin desu ka?) โ†’ Are you Japanese?
  • Example: ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎใƒšใƒณใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ(Kore wa anata no pen desu ka?) โ†’ Is this your pen?

2๏ธโƒฃ Particles (ๅŠฉ่ฉž – Joshi)

๐Ÿ”น ใฏ (wa) – Topic Marker

Marks the topic of the sentence.

  • Example: ็งใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ€‚(Watashi wa gakusei desu.) โ†’ I am a student.

๐Ÿ”น ใŒ (ga) – Subject Marker

Used to highlight the subject, often with emotions, abilities, and existence.

  • Example: ็ŒซใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚(Neko ga suki desu.) โ†’ I like cats.
  • Example: ใ“ใ“ใซๆœฌใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚(Koko ni hon ga arimasu.) โ†’ There is a book here.

๐Ÿ”น ใ‚’ (o/wo) – Object Marker

Marks the direct object of a verb.

  • Example: ใ‚Šใ‚“ใ”ใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ™ใ€‚(Ringo o tabemasu.) โ†’ I eat an apple.

๐Ÿ”น ใซ (ni) – Time & Direction Marker

Used for specific times, destinations, and indirect objects.

  • Example: ๏ผ˜ๆ™‚ใซ่ตทใใพใ™ใ€‚(Hachi-ji ni okimasu.) โ†’ I wake up at 8 o’clock.
  • Example: ๅญฆๆ กใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ€‚(Gakkou ni ikimasu.) โ†’ I go to school.

๐Ÿ”น ใง (de) – Place of Action Marker

Indicates where an action takes place.

  • Example: ๅ›ณๆ›ธ้คจใงๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚(Toshokan de benkyou shimasu.) โ†’ I study at the library.

๐Ÿ”น ใจ (to) – “With” or “And”

  • Example: ๅ‹้”ใจๆ˜ ็”ปใ‚’่ฆ‹ใพใ™ใ€‚(Tomodachi to eiga o mimasu.) โ†’ I watch a movie with my friend.

๐Ÿ”น ใ‚‚ (mo) – “Also”

  • Example: ็งใ‚‚ๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ€‚(Watashi mo gakusei desu.) โ†’ I am also a student.

3๏ธโƒฃ Verb Conjugations

๐Ÿ”น Present/Future (๏ฝžใพใ™ / ๏ฝžใพใ›ใ‚“)

Verb TypeAffirmativeNegative
Group 1 (u-verbs)้ฃฒใฟใพใ™ (Nomimasu) โ†’ Drink้ฃฒใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ (Nomimasen) โ†’ Don’t drink
Group 2 (ru-verbs)้ฃŸในใพใ™ (Tabemasu) โ†’ Eat้ฃŸในใพใ›ใ‚“ (Tabemasen) โ†’ Don’t eat
Irregularใ—ใพใ™ (Shimasu) โ†’ Doใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ (Shimasen) โ†’ Don’t do

๐Ÿ”น Past Tense (๏ฝžใพใ—ใŸ / ๏ฝžใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ)

Verb TypeAffirmativeNegative
Group 1 (u-verbs)้ฃฒใฟใพใ—ใŸ (Nomimashita) โ†’ Drank้ฃฒใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ (Nomimasen deshita) โ†’ Didn’t drink
Group 2 (ru-verbs)้ฃŸในใพใ—ใŸ (Tabemashita) โ†’ Ate้ฃŸในใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ (Tabemasen deshita) โ†’ Didn’t eat
Irregularใ—ใพใ—ใŸ (Shimashita) โ†’ Didใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ (Shimasen deshita) โ†’ Didn’t do

4๏ธโƒฃ Common Grammar Patterns

๐Ÿ”น ๏ฝžใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ (ga suki desu) โ€“ “I like ~”

  • Example: ๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚(Nihongo ga suki desu.) โ†’ I like Japanese.

๐Ÿ”น ๏ฝžใŒๆฌฒใ—ใ„ใงใ™ (ga hoshii desu) โ€“ “I want (a thing)”

  • Example: ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„่ปŠใŒๆฌฒใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚(Atarashii kuruma ga hoshii desu.) โ†’ I want a new car.

๐Ÿ”น ๏ฝžใŸใ„ใงใ™ (tai desu) โ€“ “I want to (do something)”

  • Example: ๆ—ฅๆœฌใซ่กŒใใŸใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚(Nihon ni ikitai desu.) โ†’ I want to go to Japan.

๐Ÿ”น ๏ฝžใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ (temo ii desu ka?) โ€“ “Is it okay if I ~?”

  • Example: ใ“ใ“ใงๅ†™็œŸใ‚’ๆ’ฎใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ(Koko de shashin o totte mo ii desu ka?) โ†’ Is it okay if I take a photo here?

๐Ÿ”น ๏ฝžใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† / ๏ฝžใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ (mashou / mashou ka) โ€“ “Let’s ~ / Shall we ~?”

  • Example: ๆ˜ ็”ปใ‚’่ฆ‹ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚(Eiga o mimashou.) โ†’ Let’s watch a movie.
  • Example: ๆ˜ผใ”ใฏใ‚“ใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ(Hirugohan o tabemashou ka?) โ†’ Shall we eat lunch?

๐Ÿ”น ๏ฝžใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ (te kudasai) โ€“ “Please do ~”

  • Example: ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจๅพ…ใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚(Chotto matte kudasai.) โ†’ Please wait a moment.

๐Ÿ”น ๏ฝžใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ (temo ii desu) โ€“ “You may ~”

  • Example: ใ“ใ“ใซๅบงใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚(Koko ni suwatte mo ii desu.) โ†’ You may sit here.

๐Ÿ”น ๏ฝžใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ (te wa ikemasen) โ€“ “You must not ~”

  • Example: ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚ฟใƒใ‚ณใ‚’ๅธใฃใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚(Koko de tabako o sutte wa ikemasen.) โ†’ You must not smoke here.

5๏ธโƒฃ Giving and Receiving

๐Ÿ”น ๏ฝžใ‚’ใ‚ใ’ใพใ™ (wo agemasu) โ€“ “I give”

  • Example: ็งใฏๅ‹้”ใซใƒ—ใƒฌใ‚ผใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ใ‚ใ’ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚(Watashi wa tomodachi ni purezento o agemashita.) โ†’ I gave my friend a present.

๐Ÿ”น ๏ฝžใ‚’ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใพใ™ (wo moraimasu) โ€“ “I receive”

  • Example: ๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใ‹ใ‚‰ๆœฌใ‚’ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚(Sensei kara hon o moraimashita.) โ†’ I received a book from my teacher.

6๏ธโƒฃ Location & Existence

๐Ÿ”น ๏ฝžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ (ga arimasu) โ€“ “There is (non-living things)”

  • Example: ๆœบใฎไธŠใซๆœฌใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚(Tsukue no ue ni hon ga arimasu.) โ†’ There is a book on the desk.

๐Ÿ”น ๏ฝžใŒใ„ใพใ™ (ga imasu) โ€“ “There is (living things)”

  • Example: ๅ…ฌๅœ’ใซ็ŠฌใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚(Kouen ni inu ga imasu.) โ†’ There is a dog in the park.

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